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Animal Cell and Tissue Culture:-

A batch of cells or tissue,which can be of animal origin, that are grow under specific conditions of nutrient levels, temperature, PH, oxygen levels, osmotic factors, light pressure and water content.

Culture of cells are prepared in the laboratory for a wide spectrum of scientific research.

A culture medium provides appropriate condition for growth.

Culture may be batch culture, continuous culture, monolayer culture, organ culture, suspension culture and tissue culture.

Merits:-

1.There is a controlled environment and physiological condition.

2.There is a homogeneity of cell types.

3.The method cheaper compared to working with live animal.

4.We can avoid the issues of ethical, moral and legal related with experiments on animals.

Demerits:-

1.It requires expensive instruments and expert technicians.

2.It is 10 times more costly than animal tissues.

3.Numerical chromosomal aberrations are found in chromosome.

(A)Cell/tissue culture:-

require laboratory facility like working area, preparation area, storage area and instruments.

Various types of media are used.

They may be either natural media or synthetic media.

  Applications:-

  1.It can be useful in modern branches of biotechnology.

  2.It can be useful for the production of different types of vaccines and medicines.

  3.It can be useful for diagnosis of treatment of some disorders.

  4.It can be useful in steam cell research, etc.

(B)Organ Culture:-

It generally applied for culturing pieces an organ/part organ outside the body i.e., vitro.

Its objective is to maintain the architecture of the tissue and direct it towards normal development such like inside the body.

Organ culture may be employing a solid medium or liquid medium.

(C)Whole embryo culture:-

Here, culture of chick embryo or mammalian embryos can be employed.

(D)Tissue Engineering:-

Tissue engineering is related with the creation of synthetic or semi-synthetic tissue that can be used instead of human tissue in surgery.

Different kinds of tissue have been developed or under research work.

They may be skin, bone, cartilage, cornea and spinal tissue.

Artificial skin and cartilage are important tissues of such kind.

Disorders of Circulatory System:-

1.High Blood Pressure:-

If a person has persistent high blood pressure, then is called hypertension,

It is 150/90 mmHG.

The factor responsible are over eating, fear, worry, anxiety, sorrow, etc.

Hypertension is a condition of low blood pressure, i.e., persistent 100/50 mmHG.

2.coronary Artery Disease:-

It is also called as artherosclerosis.

It affects blood vessels, caused by thr fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower.

3.Angina:-

Angina pectoris is a symptom of acute pain, where no oxygen reaches the heart muscles.

It is more common in middle-aged and eldely and affects blood flow.

4.Heart Failure:-

It is state, whene heart is not pumping enough blood to meet the body demands.

It is also called congestive heart failure because of congestion of lungs.

Heart Failure is different than cardiac arrest, where heart stops beating or a heart attack, when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply. 

Facts about Heart:-

                                        Blood Pressure:-

• The pressure created by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels due to the repeated pumping of heart is called blood pressure.
• It can be felt an certain places in our body viz., Wrist of the hands, etc. 
• The rate of pulsation increases during excitement.
• Blood pressure is recorded as systolic/diastolic.
• Blood pressure is normal person =120/80 mm Hg.
• Factors affecting blood pressure are age, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, etc.

                                            Heart Beat:-

• It is the rhythmic contraction and expansion movement of heart.
• The movements of heart beat are similar to the contraction and dilation of ventricles.
• The rate of heart beat is 72 per min in adult male and little higher in woman,children, infants, during exercise, fever and excitement.
• A Heart beat has two compounds, Systole and diastole.
• These components produce sounds like lub and dub.
• Stethoscope is used to  listen heart on the left side of the chest.

                                         Heart Sounds:-     

• The beating of heart produces sounds, heard by stethoscope.
• There are four heart sounds designated as S1, S2, S3,and S4.

First Sounds:-

• is a long and louder sound created by the closure of atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.

Second Sounds:-

• Is a short and sharper sound created by the closure semilunar valves towards the end of ventricular systole.
• The s3 and s4 may not be audible but are usually faint.
• These sounds are associated with the rapid venticular filling and systole.

Essential Features of Inheritance:-

• Gene is unit of Inheritance.
• Each gene has its owe locus.
• Each gene has two or more alleles.
• Each character is governed by a specific gene.
• Alleles of a gene govern the alternative forms of the same trait.
• Each somatic cell have two copies of each gene.
• Both male and female parents contribute equally to the progeny. 

AIDS:-

(1)What is AIDS?

  Acquired Immuno Deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is caused by by the human Immuno deficiency virus(HIV), a member of a group of viruses called retrovirus, which have the envelope enclosing the RNA genome.

(2)Transmission of HIV-infection occurs by:-

  Sexual contact with infected person.

 By transmission of contaminated blood and blood products.

By sharing infected needles is case of intravenous drugs.

From infected mother to her child through placenta.

(3)The following person are at risk of aids:-

Those have multiple sexual partners.

Drugs addicted taking the drugs intravenously.

Individuals who acquire repeated blood transfusion.

children born to an infected woman.

(4)The prevention measures of aids:-

use of disposable needles and syringes.

checking blood for HIV.

free distribution of condoms and advocating safe sex.

control of drug abuse.

promoting regular check up for HIV in susceptible population, etc. 

Dengue Fever:-

                                          History Of Dengue:-

The first cause of dengue fever is in chinese medical from Jin Dynasty.

They referred due to water poison dangue occurred. 

The first recognized of dangue in Asia,Africa and North america. 

                                              Symptoms:-

First level symptoms appear in within 15 days after the mosquito Bite.

Sever pain behind the eye when trying to move eye.

Joint Pain

High fever (about 104 F - 105 F)

muscle pain

Bone Pain

Headache

                                             Causes And Facts:-

Dengue fever is caused by one of most dangers virus DENV. 

When Dengue mosquito bite a human body virus is spread in our body by blood.

The virus is transmitted by mosquito to human. There is no transmission human to human.

There is no specific medicine or antibiotic to heal dengue fever beacause is caused by virus.

The currently no vaccine to prevent dengue fever.

                                             Treatment:-

There is n specific medicine to treat it. beacuse is a cased by virus.

But according to this some drugs are usally. Like aspirin and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory.

                                                    Prevent at home:- 

use always mosquito curtain when sleep.

clean in side and out side at your home infected water.

Clean you aquarium.