Proteins:-

The term 'protein' was coined by berzelius(1837) and Mulder(1838). Though approximately 300 amino acids occurs in nature but only 20 make the composition of proteins.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

 All amino  acids have a common structure.

 The only difference between the different amino acids lies With R-Group in general formula.

 The R-Group have quite diverse chemical  properties.

All amino acids, apart from the simplest one (glycine) show optical isomerism. 

This can result in two different arrangements as shown in the diagram. With a very few

minor exceptions (e.g., bacterial cell wall contains D-amino acids) only the L-forms are found in living organisms.

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA), histamine serotonin, ornithine, citruline and B-alanine are the amino acids which are not found in proteins.

Glycine is the simplest amino acid with lowest molecular weight and absence of asymmetrical carbon atom. 

It is involved in the formation of heme.

Tryptophan is the most complex amino acid containing indole ring.

Methionine and cysteine are sulphur containing amino  acids.

In proline and hydroxyproline, insteadof NH2 (amino)group, NH (imino) group is present.

These amino acids are called imino acids.

Proteins contain L-(laevorotatory) isomers of amino acids.

D-(Dextrorotatory) isomers of amino acids, are found only in bacterial cell walls.

Lysine and arginine are basic amino acids, which contain more than one amino groups.          Glutamic acid and asparticacid are acidic amino acids, which contain more than one

acidic groups.

Tryptophan amino acid forms the vitamin nicotinamide and a plant hormone Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). 

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body are called essential amino acids, while those which can be synthesized in the body and need not be supplied in the diet are called non-essential or

dispensable amino acids. 

For human beings eight amino acids are essential. Infants require arginine and histidine in

addition.

DNA REPLICATION:-

        The process of copying a parent DNA molecule to form two daughter

DNA molecule is called DNA Replication.

      Any organism can grow through the division of its own calls. before

a Cell can divide, it must replicate all of its DNA. The process oo replication

occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. During  replication the cellular

DNA machinery  duplicates each DNA molecule. Each resulting  DNA molecule

is called a chromatid.

      Due to replication, the each daughter cell thus receives an identical  set

Of chromosomes when the parental cell divides.DNA replication is controlled

by DNA itself.

     The self complementary nature of DNA allows each of the two strands

of a parental  DNA molecule to serve as template for the formation  of a daughter 

Stands. This process is Called DNA replication. However, the replication is complex 

multi-step process, involving several enzymes.

    Many proteins are involved in replication. these proteins included DNA hwlicase,                    single stranded DNA binding proteins, topoisomerases, primase, DNA polymerase,                   sliding clamps, RNAse H and DNA ligase.

       DNA helicases are a class of enzymes that couple ATP hydrolases to

the separation of DNA strands. The DNA helicases involved in replication are

typically hexameric proteins in the shape of a ring. The junction between  

the newly separated template strands and the unreplicated double

DNA is called the replication fork.

      The replicated fork can be looked at as moving continuously towards

the unreplicated double stranded DNA.

       Single stranded DNA binding protein or SSBS, bind to the single

DNA -to stabilize the separated strands.

       As the DNA unwinds the twist number decreases. Therefore the unwinds

number must increase, causing the DNA to become positively super coilrd.

These super coils are removed .by topoisomerases.

       DNA replication requires an RNA primer to begin. Primase is a specialized 

RNA polymerase which makes short RNA primers using small ssDNA as a template.               Primase is activated by association with other DNA replication proteins,

such as DNA helicase.

     The synthesis of DNA is catalyses by an enzyme called DNA polymerase.

DNA polymerase is only able to add dNTPs to the 3' end of a polynucleotide 

Due to the anti parallel nature of DNA one strand is synthesized continuously

toward the replication fork. While the other strand is synthesized discontinuously

away from the replication fork.

     The continuously replicated strand is called leading strand, and the

discontinuously replicated strand is called lagging strand.

    It takes approximately one second for a DNA polymerase to bind to

DNA. However once replication has begun, DNA polymerase are capable of

adding up to thousand nucleotides to the growing daughter strand every second.

The ability of an enzyme to catalyze many reaction before releasing' its substrate

is called processivity.

    To increase the degree of processivity of DNA polyomerases, a sliding

DNA clamp binds to the DNA and DNA polymerase  them together.

     DNA polymerase can only add small dNTP to the 3’ end of a

polynucleotide of lagging strand because both DNA strands must be paired

In the same overall direction through the replication machinery the lagging 

strand is synthesized discontinuously in small fragmen

      The short fragments of DNA found on the lagging Strands are called

okazaki fragments.

   To complete let DNA replication, the RNA primers must be removed.

The RNAse H specifically degrades RNA that is base pair with DNA.

      Removal of the RNA primers leaves gaps in the double stranded DNA.

These gaps are filled in by a DNA polymerase.

       Finally, the nick between The 3' hydroxyle of the repaired section and 5'                               phosphoryl of the replicated section are repaired by the DNA ligase.

Benefits Of Yoga:-

• yoga work by stretching muscle therefor you move better and feel good.
• Yoga can help you when you is some disease.
• In today's life 40+ age people we can see commonly back pain problem but yoga move can help you and treat you/
• Yoga help you not immediately but long time.
• Yoga is a way for you don't know what is problem in your body. yoga can solve this problem.
• Yoga can reduce stress, lower heart rate and blood pressure control.

Some Yoga Move:-

(1)For Back Pain:-

 Lower Back Pain:-

• Spine Hamstring Stretch
• Two-Knee Twist
• Sphinx
• Pigeon
• Legs Up to Wall

 Upper back Pain:-

• Cobra Pose
• Dolphin pose
• Easy Pose
• Half frog Pose

(2)Leg Pain:-

• Legs Up the wall Pose
• Standing Forward Fold
• Seated Forward Fold
• Supported Bridge Pose

Watch my Blog next time i blog some new move.

Biotechnology In Medicine:-

• There are many application of biotechnology in medicine i.e. diagnosis and treatment or diseases and the maintenance of health.
• Through genetics regarding human,biotechnology has found use in genetic counselling, artenatal diagnosis and gene therapy.
• In forensic medicine, Biotechnology has already been used for identification of criminals.
• There are various applications of biotechnology in animal and human health care either directly or indirectly ways.
• In indirect ways, it involves manufacture of nutritional food through single cell proteins and in detecting food contamination using molecular probes.
• In direct ways, it involves efforts to overcome the menu due to variety of disease.
• There would be through (i) Development of vaccines for immunity.
• (ii)Diagnosis of diseases at an early stage of its onset.
• (iii)treatment of the diseases 
• (iv)Fertility control.
• Genetic counselling for couples who think that their child may be at a risk of congenital disease.
• It was now become routine in medical practices in developed countries.
• DNA fingerprinting and Autoantibody fingerprinting are useful in forensic medicine for identification or murderer , rapists etc. 

Branches of Ecology:-

There are two main branches in ecology:

(1) Animal Ecology:-

             This branch related with animals and its surrounding environment.

(2)Plant ecology:-

            This branch related with plants and surrounding environment.

Further, Ecology is often broadly divided in to:-

(1)Autecology:-

           Includes the study other ecology of an individual or a particular species of organism.

(2)Synecology or community ecology:-

          Includes the study of community or entire population.

        It ideas with the inter-relationship between plants and animals  and this forms the basis of community.

(3)Habitat Ecology:-

   It depends upon the study of habitats and their effects on the living organisms on earth.

 In includes forest ecology, grass land ecology, cropland ecology, desert ecology, fresh water ecology, marine ecology etc.

(4)Population Ecology:-

   Includes the study of the inter-relationship of different groups of organisms, including the manner of growth, structure and distribution of population. Population ecology is also called the demecology.

(5)Ecosystem Ecology:-

Deals with study and analysis of ecosystem including soil formation, nutrient cycle, energy flow and productivity. 

Scope of Ecology:-

• Ecology is the science that needs minimum time and labour for its introduction to a layman.
• Present day problems of varied nature in human life are directly or indirectly very much related to ecology, as their solution needs an ecological knowledge.
• These days ecology has been contributing very much to socio-economic, political and other similar policies of the world.
• It is so common to find references of ecology in socio-economic writings, magazines, weeklies and daily newspapers.
• There are interdependencies not only between ecology and other areas of plant sciences, but also between ecology and physical as well as social sciences.
• Ecology indeed plays an important role in human welfare. 
• This is primarily a field subject and modern ecology is concerned with the functional interdependencies between living things and their environment.
• The scope of ecology means"ecology is the science of all the relations of all organisms to all their environments.
• Ecology plays an important role in agriculture, management of glasslands, forestry, biological surveys, pest control, fishery biology and in the conservation of soil, wildlife,forest,water supplies, etc.
• The international problems of environmental pollution also needs ecological assistance.
• As well as it can be very useful in solving the problem of climate change and global worming.

Home Ramedies For Acne Scare

Animal Cell and Tissue Culture:-

A batch of cells or tissue,which can be of animal origin, that are grow under specific conditions of nutrient levels, temperature, PH, oxygen levels, osmotic factors, light pressure and water content.

Culture of cells are prepared in the laboratory for a wide spectrum of scientific research.

A culture medium provides appropriate condition for growth.

Culture may be batch culture, continuous culture, monolayer culture, organ culture, suspension culture and tissue culture.

Merits:-

1.There is a controlled environment and physiological condition.

2.There is a homogeneity of cell types.

3.The method cheaper compared to working with live animal.

4.We can avoid the issues of ethical, moral and legal related with experiments on animals.

Demerits:-

1.It requires expensive instruments and expert technicians.

2.It is 10 times more costly than animal tissues.

3.Numerical chromosomal aberrations are found in chromosome.

(A)Cell/tissue culture:-

require laboratory facility like working area, preparation area, storage area and instruments.

Various types of media are used.

They may be either natural media or synthetic media.

  Applications:-

  1.It can be useful in modern branches of biotechnology.

  2.It can be useful for the production of different types of vaccines and medicines.

  3.It can be useful for diagnosis of treatment of some disorders.

  4.It can be useful in steam cell research, etc.

(B)Organ Culture:-

It generally applied for culturing pieces an organ/part organ outside the body i.e., vitro.

Its objective is to maintain the architecture of the tissue and direct it towards normal development such like inside the body.

Organ culture may be employing a solid medium or liquid medium.

(C)Whole embryo culture:-

Here, culture of chick embryo or mammalian embryos can be employed.

(D)Tissue Engineering:-

Tissue engineering is related with the creation of synthetic or semi-synthetic tissue that can be used instead of human tissue in surgery.

Different kinds of tissue have been developed or under research work.

They may be skin, bone, cartilage, cornea and spinal tissue.

Artificial skin and cartilage are important tissues of such kind.

Disorders of Circulatory System:-

1.High Blood Pressure:-

If a person has persistent high blood pressure, then is called hypertension,

It is 150/90 mmHG.

The factor responsible are over eating, fear, worry, anxiety, sorrow, etc.

Hypertension is a condition of low blood pressure, i.e., persistent 100/50 mmHG.

2.coronary Artery Disease:-

It is also called as artherosclerosis.

It affects blood vessels, caused by thr fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower.

3.Angina:-

Angina pectoris is a symptom of acute pain, where no oxygen reaches the heart muscles.

It is more common in middle-aged and eldely and affects blood flow.

4.Heart Failure:-

It is state, whene heart is not pumping enough blood to meet the body demands.

It is also called congestive heart failure because of congestion of lungs.

Heart Failure is different than cardiac arrest, where heart stops beating or a heart attack, when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply. 

Facts about Heart:-

                                        Blood Pressure:-

• The pressure created by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels due to the repeated pumping of heart is called blood pressure.
• It can be felt an certain places in our body viz., Wrist of the hands, etc. 
• The rate of pulsation increases during excitement.
• Blood pressure is recorded as systolic/diastolic.
• Blood pressure is normal person =120/80 mm Hg.
• Factors affecting blood pressure are age, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, etc.

                                            Heart Beat:-

• It is the rhythmic contraction and expansion movement of heart.
• The movements of heart beat are similar to the contraction and dilation of ventricles.
• The rate of heart beat is 72 per min in adult male and little higher in woman,children, infants, during exercise, fever and excitement.
• A Heart beat has two compounds, Systole and diastole.
• These components produce sounds like lub and dub.
• Stethoscope is used to  listen heart on the left side of the chest.

                                         Heart Sounds:-     

• The beating of heart produces sounds, heard by stethoscope.
• There are four heart sounds designated as S1, S2, S3,and S4.

First Sounds:-

• is a long and louder sound created by the closure of atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.

Second Sounds:-

• Is a short and sharper sound created by the closure semilunar valves towards the end of ventricular systole.
• The s3 and s4 may not be audible but are usually faint.
• These sounds are associated with the rapid venticular filling and systole.

Essential Features of Inheritance:-

• Gene is unit of Inheritance.
• Each gene has its owe locus.
• Each gene has two or more alleles.
• Each character is governed by a specific gene.
• Alleles of a gene govern the alternative forms of the same trait.
• Each somatic cell have two copies of each gene.
• Both male and female parents contribute equally to the progeny. 

AIDS:-

(1)What is AIDS?

  Acquired Immuno Deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is caused by by the human Immuno deficiency virus(HIV), a member of a group of viruses called retrovirus, which have the envelope enclosing the RNA genome.

(2)Transmission of HIV-infection occurs by:-

  Sexual contact with infected person.

 By transmission of contaminated blood and blood products.

By sharing infected needles is case of intravenous drugs.

From infected mother to her child through placenta.

(3)The following person are at risk of aids:-

Those have multiple sexual partners.

Drugs addicted taking the drugs intravenously.

Individuals who acquire repeated blood transfusion.

children born to an infected woman.

(4)The prevention measures of aids:-

use of disposable needles and syringes.

checking blood for HIV.

free distribution of condoms and advocating safe sex.

control of drug abuse.

promoting regular check up for HIV in susceptible population, etc. 

Dengue Fever:-

                                          History Of Dengue:-

The first cause of dengue fever is in chinese medical from Jin Dynasty.

They referred due to water poison dangue occurred. 

The first recognized of dangue in Asia,Africa and North america. 

                                              Symptoms:-

First level symptoms appear in within 15 days after the mosquito Bite.

Sever pain behind the eye when trying to move eye.

Joint Pain

High fever (about 104 F - 105 F)

muscle pain

Bone Pain

Headache

                                             Causes And Facts:-

Dengue fever is caused by one of most dangers virus DENV. 

When Dengue mosquito bite a human body virus is spread in our body by blood.

The virus is transmitted by mosquito to human. There is no transmission human to human.

There is no specific medicine or antibiotic to heal dengue fever beacause is caused by virus.

The currently no vaccine to prevent dengue fever.

                                             Treatment:-

There is n specific medicine to treat it. beacuse is a cased by virus.

But according to this some drugs are usally. Like aspirin and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory.

                                                    Prevent at home:- 

use always mosquito curtain when sleep.

clean in side and out side at your home infected water.

Clean you aquarium.

Drugs And Alcohol Abuse:-

 The drugs that are commonly abused include opioids, cannabinoids, coca-alkaloids, amphetamines, benzodiazepines and lysergic acid Diethylamide.
Opioids:-
             These are drugs which binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, e.g., morphine and heroin.
Cannabinoids:-
             These are a group of chemicals, which interact with cannabinoid receptors present mainly in the brain.
cocaine:-
           It is obtained from erythroxylon coca interferes with the transport of neurotransmitter and dopamine.
Hallucinogens:-
          These are products obtained from Atropa belladona and Datura species are hallucigenic. LSD is obtained from a fungus.
Tobacco:-
          Tabacco contains mainly nicotine, which is a stimulate and toxin. it is usually chewed or smoked or used as snuff. Nicotine stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline and non-adrenaline, which increase the blood pressure and heart rate. Chewing of tabacoo cause oral cancer.
Alcohol:-
          It is a depressant. It affects the central nervous system.
Alcohol act as a sedative, analgesic and anesthetic.
If regular does of alcohol is abruptly discontinued alcoholic person than the person might suffer from withdrawal syndrome which is characterised by nausea and sweating, shakieness and these symptoms might be relieved when the alcohol use is resumed again.

             Effect of Drug/Alcohol Abuse:-

       The immediate effects od drugs abuse are reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence. Its excess does can lead to coma and death due to cerebral haemorrhage, respiratory and heart failure.
  The common warning signals of drug/Alcohol use are:-
 (1) Drop in academic performance.
 (2)Isolation from family and friends.
 (3)Lack of interest in personal hygiene.
 (4)Aggressive and rebellious behaviour.

          Prevention And Control:-

      The preventive measure are

• Avoid undue peer pressure.
• Accept failures and disappointments as part of life.
• Seek help from parents and peers.
• Seek professional medical help for deaddiction.
• Look for danger signs.

             

Concept of Immunology:-

• The overall ability of the host fight against the disease causing organisms, provided by the immune system is called immunity.

• The immune system of our body consists of lymphoid organs, tissues, cell and soluble molecules like antibodies.
• The primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus. The secondary lymphoid organs like spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyer's patches of small intestine and appendix.
• The bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ, where all blood cells including lymphocytes are produced. The thymus is a lobed organ, located near the heart and beneath the breast bone.
• Both bone marrow and thymus provide micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes. The spleen is a large been shaped organ. It mainly contains lymphocytes and phagocytes. It also reservoir of erythrocytes.
• The lymph nodes are located at different points along the lymphatic system. They trap the microbes or antigens. These antigens are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes causing the immune response.
• A lymphoid tissue is also located within the lining of the major tracts called Mucosal Associated Lymphoid tissue. It constitutes about 50% of the lymphoid tissue in human body.

Do you Know how our old generation look like? THE HUMAN EVOLUTION

• Here I am show you some amazing facts about this

• Australopithecus:--  They had a brain capacity of 450-600cc. They were about four feet tall and walked nearly upright. They hunted with stone weapons but ate fruits. They were found in Tanzania and Ethiopia.

• Homo Habilis:- They lived in East african grasslands. They had a brain capacity of 650-800cc. They probability did not eat meat.

• Homo  erectus:- Their fossils were found in java. They had a brain capacity of about 900cc. They probably ate meat.

• Homo Sapiens:- The fossils were found in east and central asia. The brain capacity was about 1400. They must lived between 100000-40000 years before. They used hides to protect the body and buried the dead. They became extinct about 25000 years before.

• Homo sapiens sapiens:-  He across during the ice age between 75000-10000 years ago. He learned to cultivate plants and domesticate animals. Agriculture started around 10000 years Back. Human settlement and civilisation started.

• New world Monkeys possess a flat nose, long, sensitive and prehensile tail, non-opposable thumbs and clawed digits.

• Old world monkey possess a narrow nose, short and non-prehensile tail, opposable thumb and nailed digits.

• Evolution of man probably took place in central africa.

• Carolus linnaeus gave the scientific name home sapiens 

Menstrual Cycle:-

• The reproductive cycle in female is called menstrual cycle.
• In human females menstruation is repeated at an average internal of about 28/29  days and the cycle of events starting form one menstruation.
• The first menstruation begins at puberty is call menarche. one ovum is released during the middle of  each menstrual cycle. The cycle starts with the menstrual phase and the menstrual flow lasts for 3-5 days. Lack of menstruation may be indicative of pregnancy. However, it may also be caused by stress, poor health, etc.
• The next phase is proliferative phase, in which primary follicles on the ovary grow to become fully mature graafian follicle simultaneously the enodmetrium of uterus regenerates through proliferation.
• both LH and FSH hormone levels attain maximum level during mid cycle called LH surge induces repture of graafian follicle and the release  of  ovum.
• The ovulatory  phase is followed by luteal phase.
• In luteal phase, the remaining parts of the graafian follicle transform as the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum  secretes large amounts pf progesterone, which is needed for the maintenance of enometrium, which  is required for implantation of fertilised ovum and other events of preganancy.
• In absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates. This caused disintegration of endometrium leading to menstruation making a new cycle. Menstruation cycle ceases around 50 years of age,ie., menopause.